Hitik: International Journal of Catechists and Religious Educators
Hitik: International Journal of Catechists and Religious Educators is the official international journal publication of the Religious Educators Association of the Philippines (REAP), Inc. It is an open access journal that publishes research journal articles semi-annually. Articles published in this journal undergo a double-blind peer review process and typically come from the research papers presented at the annual National Conference on Catechesis and Religious Education organized by DLSU and REAP inc. and submissions from catechists, theologians, and religious educators of different faith traditions. The journal considers the diversity of faith traditions in the Asian region and the world in general. In response to this plural condition, we welcome interdisciplinary studies and critical essays to advance understanding of the relevant and emerging issues in catechesis and religious education.
Religious Educators Association of the Philippines, Inc.
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Ang Mabathalang Pag-aaral sa Awiting “Dakilang Maylikha” ayon sa Bersyon ng “Ama Namin” ng Doctrina Cristiana
Ayon kay Dr. De Mesa, ang bersyon ng Ama Namin sa 1593 Doctrina Cristiana ay nagpapakita ng pangunahing prinsipyo ng pagsasakultura ng teolohiya dahil sa pakikipag-dayalogo ng Hudyo-Kristiyanong Pamana ng Pananampalataya at kulturang Pilipino sa aktuwal na mga salitang ginamit sa dasal na ito. Gamit ang parehas na pamamaraan, ang pag-aaral na ito ay naglalayong basahin ang awiting katha ni Gary Granada na pinamagatang “Dakilang Maylikha” sa lente ng pagsasakultura gamit ang dulog sa mabathalang pag-aaral. Ito rin ay naglalayong bigyan ng sariwang pananaw ang dasal na Ama Namin at ang kagandahang-loob ng Maykapal upang bigyang katuturan ang karanasan, damdamin, at loob ng karaniwang Pilipino. (According to Dr. De Mesa, the 1593 Doctrina Cristiana version of the Our Father prayer highlights the foundational principle of inculturation theology, as it reflects a dialogue between the Judeo-Christian heritage of faith and Filipino culture through the actual words used in this prayer. Following the same approach, this study aims to analyze Gary Granada’s song Dakilang Maylikha through the lens of inculturation using a culturally sensitive theological study (mabathalang pag-aaral) approach. It also seeks to offer a fresh perspective on the Our Father prayer and the benevolence of the Creator, providing more profound meaning to the experiences, emotions, and inner self of the common Filipino.)
Copyright (c) 2024 Joenel Buencibello (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mekeni Abe, tara mangan! (Welcome Friend, let’s eat!): A Kapampangan Cultural Exegesis on Meal Fellowship and Hospitality
This research examines meal fellowship as a gesture of inclusion, emphasizing its cultural expressions within Filipino society, particularly Kapampangan culture. It investigates the interrelationship between food culture, hospitality, and the values of inclusion and accommodation, highlighting how shared meals function as meaningful social and relational practices. Central to the study is the exploration of indigenous Kapampangan categories that embody these values, especially as manifested in Kapampangan gastronomy and the distinctive concept of abe, understood as a culturally grounded expression of welcoming and relational openness toward others. Employing de Mesa’s cultural exegesis, the research analyzes the cultural and religious significance of food-sharing practices and their implications for understanding inclusion and accommodation from a Kapampangan perspective. This approach enables a critical reading of local cultural symbols and practices in dialogue with Judeo-Christian Tradition and current Church teachings. The analysis is anchored in Jesus’ practice of table fellowship, interpreted as an inclusive act that creates ‘space’ for befriending those considered “unwelcome” or “uninvited.” Through this lens, meal fellowship emerges as both a cultural and theological resource for fostering inclusive relationships and communities. Therefore, this study argues that the Kapampangan concept of abe, expressed through meal fellowship, constitutes an indigenous theology of inclusion that resonates deeply with Jesus’ table fellowship and Eucharistic living. Overall, the study contributes to theological, cultural, and educational discourse by highlighting the transformative potential of meal fellowship as a lived expression of inclusion rooted in Kapampangan culture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Bonnadelbert Antonio, Jocelyn Masbang, Rowena Sibal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Perspectives of Senior High School Students on Religious Education at Saint Mary’s University
This study investigates the perspectives of Senior High School students at Saint Mary’s University, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines on Religious Education, locally implemented as Christian Living and Values Education (CLVED), with the aim of informing curriculum enhancement. Grounded in student-centered learning and participatory pedagogy, the research employs a descriptive approach and integrates quantitative survey data with qualitative thematic analysis. Findings reveal that students demonstrate a highly positive orientation toward core Catholic beliefs, particularly regarding prayer, belief in God, and moral living. However, areas such as doctrinal depth and trust in Church authority received relatively lower affirmation, indicating emerging gaps in catechetical understanding and institutional perception. Qualitative findings highlight key student needs, including moral guidance, mental and spiritual well-being, the practical relevance of lessons, and interfaith awareness. Furthermore, CLVED is perceived as contributing significantly to students’ holistic development, particularly in fostering character formation, spiritual maturity, and social responsibility. Despite these strengths, some responses suggest the need for greater engagement and contextualization of learning experiences. The study underscores the necessity of a more responsive, learner-centered Religious Education curriculum that integrates doctrinal fidelity with contemporary relevance. It advocates for pedagogical innovation, enhanced teacher formation, and the inclusion of psychosocial and intercultural dimensions to ensure that CLVED remains transformative in addressing the evolving realities of today’s youth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Charles Ron Capin, John Carlo Armando, Lady Valen Charon Dela Peña, Harold Padilla, Pedelina Bulligan, Arnold Viller Villanoza, Dan Del Rosario (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Extent of Practice of the JEEPGY Framework among the Grade 12 Students in Selected Diocesan Catholic Schools in Western Visayas
This study assessed the extent of practice of the JEEPGY framework among Grade 12 students in selected Diocesan Catholic schools in Western Visayas during the 2025-2026 school year. Additionally, it examined the significant differences in the extent of JEEPGY practice based on the demographic variables. It employed a descriptive-comparative research design. It consisted of 271 stratified randomly selected Grade 12 students. In gathering the data, a validated and reliability-tested 47-item researcher-made questionnaire was utilized, employing a five-point Likert scale. In analyzing the data, descriptive and comparative statistics were employed. Specifically, mean, standard deviation, Mann–Whitney U test, and Kruskal–Wallis H test were used. Lastly, the entire process of this study adhered to research ethical guidelines. Overall, the extent of practice of JEEPGY was rated as great. Meanwhile, gender equality had the highest overall rating of the other dimensions and was interpreted as very great. All the demographic variables were rated as great. In addition, significant differences were found across academic strands. It revealed that Accountancy, Business, and Management (ABM) students had significantly lower practice. Lastly, this study underscores that the selected Diocesan Catholic schools in Western Visayas are successful in implementing the framework as encouraged by the CEAP. The very great extent in the gender equality domain suggests that schools are effectively fostering an inclusive and respectful learning environment. Hence, it is encouraged to continuously integrate the framework into all school activities and curricula to maintain the great extent of practice of JEEPGY.
Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Fernando, Rev. Fr. Eric L. Legada, Sr. Ma. Rosini P. Escarilla (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Ecological Responsibility and the Action Gap Among College Students Anchored on the Laudato Si’ Framework
Environmental care has become urgent as ecological challenges increasingly affect human life and sustainability. Understanding how students relate to this responsibility provides insight into strengthening ecological awareness, values, and action within educational and moral frameworks inspired by Laudato Si’, a papal encyclical that promotes integral ecology and emphasizes care for creation. Student perspectives were gathered through a researcher-developed questionnaire administered both online and in print to 2,376 college students. The resulting responses were organized and examined using descriptive statistics to outline prevailing patterns in how students understand and engage with care for the environment within an integral ecological perspective. The findings indicate that students demonstrate generally low ecological responsibility, with stronger development in ethical awareness and environmental concern than in concrete action and lifestyle practice. While moral sensitivity toward ecological issues is present, this awareness is not consistently reflected in daily behaviors, spiritual engagement, or sustained participation in environmental initiatives. The results reveal a clear gap between what students recognize as important and how they act in practice, suggesting that ecological responsibility remains unevenly developed across attitudes, values, and personal commitment. These findings highlight the need for more integrated and action-oriented approaches to environmental formation that connect ethical reflection with lived practice. For religious educators and catechists, the results provide empirical insight into the challenges of translating ecological teaching into everyday life, emphasizing the importance of faith-based educational approaches that nurture moral responsibility, encourage practical engagement, and integrate care for creation as a lived dimension of faith and community life.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fremativo A. Vergara, Dr. Evan P. Taja-on (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
From Gossip to Grace: Understanding Marites Culture through Catholic Doctrine and the Formation of Ethical Speech
Marites culture, a contemporary expression of gossip in Filipino society, has become increasingly visible within offline and digital Catholic communities. This study examines how gossip operates in these relational settings and explores its moral and pastoral implications for the Catholic Church. Drawing on synthesized literature on gossip, Filipino cultural values, social networks, and Catholic moral teaching, the study highlights both perceived benefits such as bonding and shared awareness and harms, including mistrust, anxiety, and weakened communal harmony. These patterns reveal a moral tension consistent with the Eighth Commandment’s call to truthfulness, necessity, and charity. The study further evaluates intercessory prayer and charitable speech commitments as formative practices capable of transforming harmful communication, enabling Catholic communities to move “from gossip to grace” in everyday interactions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jonald De Leon (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Serving Beyond Borders: The Missionary Witness of Sr. Conchita Cruz, SSpS and its Impact on the Church in Flores, Indonesia
This paper explores the missionary life and enduring impact of Sr. Conchita Cruz, SSpS, whose forty-six years of service in Flores, Indonesia, exemplify a profound commitment to mission “beyond borders.” Using a qualitative, historical-narrative methodology, the study examines her life within the wider socio-cultural, historical, and religious landscape of Flores, a region shaped by deep Catholic roots, indigenous traditions, and increasing socio-economic transformation. The paper situates her ministry within the missiological framework of the Missionary Sisters Servants of the Holy Spirit (SSpS), highlighting her vocational journey from the Philippines to Indonesia, her professional contribution as a medical doctor, and her significant act of adopting Indonesian citizenship. Drawing on contemporary mission theology—particularly the attitudes of spirituality of presence, kenotic spirituality, reconciliation, and holistic spirituality—the study analyzes how Sr. Conchita embodied a cross-cultural and transformative missionary identity. Her witness reveals a mission rooted in friendship, humility, mutual learning, and intercultural solidarity. The findings show that her service transcended geographical, cultural, linguistic, and religious boundaries, demonstrating an incarnational and relational approach to mission that enriched both herself and the communities she served.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sr. Herlina Hadia, SSpS (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
From Beauty to Holiness and Panata: An Interreligious Reading of Iḥsān (إحسان) and Kalos (καλός)
In postcolonial contexts such as the Philippines, contemporary understandings of beauty are frequently shaped by commercial, visual, and consumerist norms, detaching beauty from its moral and spiritual foundations. This study reexamines beauty as an ethical and theological reality through an interreligious reading of Iḥsān (إحسان) in Islam and kalos (καλός) in Christianity, interpreted within the Filipino cultural practice of panata. Drawing on qualitative interreligious hermeneutics and comparative textual analysis, the study examines selected passages from the Qur’an, ḥadīth literature, the Hebrew Bible, and the Greek New Testament to show how beauty in these traditions is inseparable from moral integrity, spiritual awareness, and responsibility toward others. In Islam, Iḥsān frames beauty as excellence in action grounded in consciousness of God’s presence, while in Christianity, kalos denotes moral goodness expressed through fidelity, sacrifice, and justice. These perspectives are brought into dialogue with panata, understood as a Filipino vow that translates inner devotion into communal and civic responsibility. The study argues that panata functions as a culturally grounded embodiment of ethical beauty, linking faith, moral action, and social commitment. By integrating Islamic, Christian, and Filipino cultural perspectives, this research contributes to interreligious theology and Filipino cultural ethics by proposing beauty as a lived moral practice oriented toward justice, dignity, and the common good.
Copyright (c) 2026 Paul Mark Andres (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Pedagogy of Encounter as Via Pulchritudinis: Humanizing 21st-Century Teaching-Learning through Education 5.0 and the Global Compact on Education
Pope Francis champions accessible education as an act of hope, reminding educators that the distinctive feature of Catholic education is true humanization. Yet, the rise of Education 4.0, driven by digital learning, often lacks a coherent ethical, human-centered framework. This study investigates the ethical challenges posed by Education 4.0’s reliance on AI, data analytics, and immersive technologies, aiming to evaluate these through Education 5.0 and Pope Francis’ Global Compact on Education (GCE) to propose a theological-pedagogical framework that re-centers Catholic education on humanization. Employing qualitative textual analysis informed by the synodal methodology of listening, discernment, and participation, it explores three questions: (1) What are the pedagogical features of Education 4.0 and 5.0? (2) What opportunities (“lights”) and challenges (“shadows”) emerge when Education 4.0 is viewed through the GCE lens? (3) How can Education 5.0 and the GCE be synthesized into a theological-pedagogical framework for humanization? Findings show Education 4.0 enables AI-enhanced instruction, personalized learning, hybrid modalities, immersive tools, and collaboration, but risks dehumanization, bias, and digital divides. Integrating Education 5.0’s human-centered innovation with the GCE, the study proposes the Pedagogy of Encounter as Via Pulchritudinis (Path of Beauty), a framework affirming beauty as a path to God and a means of proclaiming the Gospel. This offers Catholic education a principled, hopeful way to humanize teaching and learning in the 21st century.
Copyright (c) 2026 Inst. Ericka Mae B. Cunanan, Prof. Allan A. Basas, Asst. Prof. Joseph Renus F. Galang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Faith and Mental Health: A Mixed-Methods Study on How Catechetical Teaching Shapes Students’ Help-Seeking Attitudes
In a society where Catholic teaching strongly shapes personal values and daily life, students’ views on mental health are often formed at the intersection of faith, culture, and education. As mental health concerns among college students continue to grow, understanding how religious formation influences openness to support becomes increasingly important. An explanatory sequential mixed-methods approach was employed, involving survey data from 2,376 students and in-depth interviews with 7 participants, to examine how exposure to catechetical teaching relates to students’ mental health attitudes and help-seeking tendencies using a researcher-made instrument. The study used descriptive-correlational statistics to analyze quantitative data and thematic analysis to examine qualitative information. Quantitative findings showed strong catechetical knowledge and moderate mental health literacy; however, these did not consistently translate into open expression of distress or proactive help-seeking. Qualitative results revealed that faith-based coping practices support meaning-making, emotional control, and personal responsibility, yet they may also encourage private endurance of suffering. Students expressed conditional views of professional care, such as seeking formal help only when problems become severe or when personal coping efforts are no longer sufficient. Perceived stigma and concern about judgment further shaped cautious disclosure of psychological struggles. Overall, catechetical teaching plays a significant role in forming students’ mental health attitudes by promoting dignity, compassion, and purpose, but its influence on help-seeking remains complex. Strengthening the connection between catechetical formation and mental health education may support more open expression and earlier engagement with professional services within Catholic institutions.
Social Justice and Community Empowerment
Copyright (c) 2026 Edgar R. Lumandas, Fremativo A. Vergara, Dr. Evan P. Taja-on (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Reframing Service-Learning (SL) as a Pedagogy of Care (PoC): Toward a Humane Framework for Religious and Theological Education
This study contends that Service-Learning (SL) must be systematically grounded in the Pedagogy of Care (PoC) to foster humane and transformative education in the 21st century. While SL is recognized for cultivating civic responsibility, cultural humility, and sustainability, it risks becoming transactional, lacking care, and privileging outputs over relationships while neglecting socio-emotional needs. Using a conceptual-theoretic approach, this paper synthesizes care ethics and SL scholarship to propose the CARES (Connect-Analyze-Respond-Extend-Self Evaluate) Framework, inspired by See-Discern-Act-Celebrate-Evaluate, as a structured pathway for embedding attentiveness, relationality, and responsibility into SL design, mentoring, and reflection. Through CARES, learners see community realities with empathy, discern needs through dialogue, act responsibly in solidarity, celebrate shared growth, and evaluate outcomes with accountability. In the fragile and anxious conditions of the BANI landscape, this integration positions care as the ethical foundation of humane 21st-century learning, transforming SL into a vital pedagogy for resilience, empathy, and global citizenship.
Copyright (c) 2026 Paulo Antonio Aton, Joenel Buencibello, Elmgay Valeriano, Gracita Perez (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Church of the Poor in the Second Plenary Council of the Philippines (PCP II): Its Concrete Expression in Basic Ecclesial Communities
This study examines the vision of the “Church of the Poor” as articulated in the Second Plenary Council of the Philippines (1992) and its concrete expression through Basic Ecclesial Communities (BECs) in the Philippine context. Grounded in the enduring realities of poverty and inequality, the paper situates the Church’s mission within the broader call to justice, solidarity, and integral human development. It draws theological foundations from the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965), particularly its vision of a renewed, participatory, and mission-oriented Church, alongside the principle of the preferential option for the poor. Employing a theological and critical interpretive approach, the study explores the nature, structure, and mission of Basic Ecclesial Communities (BECs), grassroots communities characterized by communion, participation, and mission. It argues that Basic Ecclesial Communities (BECs) embody a participatory ecclesiology in which the poor are not merely recipients but active agents of evangelization and social transformation. Central to this dynamic is Renewed Integral Evangelization, which integrates catechesis, liturgical life, and social apostolate, fostering both personal conversion and communal renewal. The study concludes that Basic Ecclesial Communities (BECs) provide a vital and transformative model for realizing the Church of the Poor in the Philippines. By promoting lay participation, inculturation, and a socially engaged faith, Basic Ecclesial Communities (BECs) serve as concrete expressions of ecclesial renewal, despite ongoing challenges in implementation across diverse local contexts.
Second Plenary Council of the Philippines (PCP II)
Copyright (c) 2026 Maria Lourdes S. Antonio, Fred Jr. F. Antonio (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Toward an Authentic Indian Theology: Inculturation, Liberation, and the Cry of the Poor in the Light of Dilexi te
This study explores the emergence of an authentic Indian theology rooted in inculturation, interreligious dialogue, and the preferential option for the poor in the light of Dilexi te (I have loved you). It argues that theology in India must move beyond inherited Western frameworks and become a contextual, lived reflection shaped by religious plurality, cultural diversity, and socio-economic realities. While significant contributions have been made by Asian theologians and ecclesial bodies, a clear research gap remains in integrating inculturation, dialogue, and liberation within a unified theological framework grounded explicitly in the primacy of divine love. By engaging this gap, the study proposes a holistic vision of theology as transformative praxis, revealing Christ within Indian contexts and responding to the cry of the poor through love, justice, and solidarity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sebastian Mathew Mittathanickal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nine Grains of Rice and the Messianic Society: A Religio-Cultural Analysis of Karen Rice–Merit Networks in Northern Thailand
This study examines how the Karen Rice–Merit Networks (RMNs) in Northern Thailand express a lived religio-cultural solidarity grounded in the indigenous philosophy of the Nine Grains of Rice. Rooted in the Theology of Rice, this worldview sacralizes agriculture by linking rice’s life cycle to Christ’s Paschal Mystery. Using a qualitative design, the research draws on semi-structured interviews with 10 Karen priests, 2 organic intellectuals, and 3 RMN coordinators, supported by textual analysis of Church documents, participant observation of RMN’s zonal meeting, and diocesan records. Findings reveal that the RMNs embody three interrelated dimensions: (1) self and family welfare, fostering food security and moral formation; (2) community welfare, promoting mutual aid and social justice; and (3) spiritual welfare, integrating Eucharistic symbolism with Karen identity. These practices sustain a counter-capitalist ethos rooted in reciprocity and sufficiency. The study concludes that the Nine Grains of Rice provides a religio-cultural developmental model for constructing a Messianic Society, and it recommends deeper youth engagement, ecological formation, and contextual catechesis to ensure the continuity of the missiological economy of grace.
Copyright (c) 2025 Michael Bistis, SCJ (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Understanding Human Suffering among Black Nazarene Devotees: A Qualitative Study through the Lens of Edward Schillebeeckx
This study analyzes how devotees of the Black Nazarene perceive human suffering using Edward Schillebeeckx’s theology of the method of correlation.The approach of Schillebeeckx has two aspects, namely, negative dialectics and positive sphere of meaning. Through these two moments, the study identifies similarities and differences in the devotees’ perception of human suffering. This study employs qualitative research, particularly content analysis. Furthermore, purposive sampling serves as a tool for conducting in-depth interviews with selected devotees, taking into account the duration of their devotion, to gather data. This aims to explore the perception of devotees regarding how they understand and make sense of suffering in the context of faith in God. The results show that devotees perceive suffering as a means of taking part in God's kingdom. Their awareness of other people's suffering, their belief that suffering is a common human experience, and the association of their own suffering with Jesus the Black Nazarene – all of these demonstrate their involvement in the devotion. Devotees find spiritual consolation. This understanding emphasizes the spiritual resilience of the devotees, portraying suffering not simply as an experience but, as Schillebeeckx believes, as a way toward greater spiritual development and a positive moment. It enables individuals to relate their suffering to a broader, divine purpose, developing empathetic and nurturing faith within the community.
Copyright (c) 2025 John Patrick C. Toledo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
‘Maganda’ in the Fifth Argument of Quinque Viae of St. Thomas Aquinas
God created everything as “maganda.” However, human interference with creation has led to its degradation. In the fifth argument of the Quinque Viae, Saint Thomas Aquinas introduced the idea that the universe was created with order and purpose, or simply “very good” (Genesis 1:31), governed by a wise Sustainer. Dr. Jose de Mesa argued that “The universe created by God is “maganda” [in Hebrew, tôb; in English, beautiful], and humanity is “magandang-maganda” [very beautiful] because they reflect the graciousness of the Creator.” Yet, in the present time, can we still perceive the will of the Creator in how humanity interacts with and manages the beauty of creation? This paper will utilize the concept of cultural contextualization of the “mabathalang atas” [divine mandate] (Genesis 1:26, 28) using the Suri-Nilay-Kilos [See-Discern-Act] approach. This reflection seeks to demonstrate that the Filipino concept of maganda [understood as ethical beauty] corresponds to the form of governance implied in the quinta via of the Quinque Viae. It further aims to inspire a deeper commitment to the care and preservation of the ganda (beauty and goodness) of creation, grounded in the kagandahang-loob [gracious will; love] of the Creator.
Copyright (c) 2025 Joenel Buencibello, Paulo Antonio Aton (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Zoomers as Contemporary Adherents: Faith Expressions of Filipino Catholic Gen Zs
In the past decade, contentions and critiques about young people’s religious life and faith formation have burgeoned in religious scholarship. The objective of this research is to explore the lived experiences of Filipino Gen Z as contemporary adherents of the Catholic religion, particularly how they express their faith. A total of 357 individuals participated in the quantitative survey, and four participants proceeded to the interview for the qualitative phase. By employing explanatory sequential mixed methods, three key findings were drawn from both quantitative and qualitative data: (1) faith expression remains performative; (2) faith expression is rooted in the family; and (3) faith expression is reflecting on life’s meaning and doing good. This study concludes that young people remain faithful adherents, but they have diverse ways in expressing their faith, which are secular and/or supplemental to the doctrinal practices of the church. Further studies should explore how non-Catholic youth and those with low engagement in religious practices express their faith.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marc Lorenz Rivera (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Unveiling the Relevance of Reading the Bible among Generation Z College Students
This qualitative study explores the perceptions, barriers, and motivations surrounding Bible reading among Generation Z college students at Holy Angel University, a Catholic institution in Angeles City, Pampanga. Using a narrative research approach, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with ten Catholic students aged 18 and above. Findings revealed that while students recognize the Bible as a meaningful source of inspiration, guidance, and spiritual growth, consistent engagement remains limited. Academic demands, poor time management, and the Bible’s complex language were identified as primary barriers to regular reading. Despite these challenges, students still turn to the Bible during personal struggles or when invited through academic or religious settings. Their engagement with Scripture positively influences personal values, emotional comfort, and decision-making. The study underscores the need for more accessible and relatable Bible reading strategies for youth and highlights the importance of supporting spiritual development alongside academic growth. These findings can inform educators, pastoral workers, and campus ministries in designing relevant faith-based programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jonald De Leon, Angelo Adriano, Dan Christopher Culala, Monina Manalang, Cristina Samia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Video App Usability and Creative Empowerment of Selected Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) Learners
This study investigates how video editing tool usability relates to the creative potential of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) learners creating digital stories in Religious Education (RE). The research utilized a rigorous qualitative-methods design, integrating the Gestural Think-Aloud Protocol (GTAP) with Nielsen’s Usability Heuristics. This approach systematically evaluated the performance of DHH learners using CapCut and Canva, while concurrently measuring their creativity using established cognitive models. Findings demonstrated that CapCut had a significantly superior usability rating compared to Canva. Although DHH learners' creative expression was in the “Developing” stage (46.5%–54.8%), the results confirm that tool accessibility is the dominant factor influencing creative achievement. The study also observed the manifestation of virtues, notably collaboration and honesty, during the project. This research concludes there is an urgent need for accessibility improvements in mainstream video editing applications, primarily focusing on automated captioning and navigation features, to ensure equitable learning experiences. This outcome validates digital storytelling as a transformative practice that cultivates creative, problem-solving, and collaboration skills while supporting RE outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chanda Eleanor Blanco, Sr. Auria U. Arabit, SdP, PhD (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Earth Rights in Religious Education: An Eco-Missiological Mandate Toward a Catechetical Reform
This theological discourse addresses the problem of how religious education can respond to the ecological emergency and moral crises arising from humanity’s exploitative interpretation of the biblical command to “subdue the earth.” It examines how religious education can foster ecological awareness, moral responsibility, and solidarity with both creation and marginalized communities. Using the See–Judge/Discern–Act method, the study observes current ecological realities, interprets them in light of Christian teaching, and proposes practical educational and pastoral responses. The findings reveal that misinterpretations of Scripture have contributed to the rise of consumerism, throwaway culture, and anthropocentrism while a renewed theological and pedagogical approach can reframe ‘to subdue’ and ‘to have dominion’ as care for creation, that is the central meaning of Christian stewardship in the Genesis accounts. The study concludes that integrating ecological consciousness into religious education strengthens both spiritual formation and social transformation, positioning care for the breathing Earth as a vital expression of Christian discipleship and the promotion of the culture to life.
Exploring the Role of the Kariton Klasrum Project as a Service-Learning Strategy in Values Formation
As education moves towards further development, many meaningful ways to strengthen learners’ values formation have emerged. One of these is the service-learning method, known for having positive results in terms of character. Similarly, in the Philippine context, the Kariton Klasrum Project (KKP) serves as a service-learning strategy with a lot of potential in values education. However, despite utilizing KKP, no research has captured implementers’ perspectives, leaving no recorded evidence regarding the specific moral outcomes to them. KKP was originally introduced by the Dynamic Teen Company, and with their consent, was adapted and implemented starting in 2011 by Elizabeth Seton School-South, a private basic education institution in Imus, Cavite. The KKP engages the grade 10 learners in an outreach work with the children from Riverside, Imus, a community assisted by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). The engagement’s preparation spanned for five months and culminated in a one-day service-learning session that involved teaching the basics of reading and writing, feeding session, and providing medical assistance. In this study, the researcher explored the role of KKP as an initiative that supports values formation among executors. Using the Qualitative Descriptive Research method, the perceptions of 10 participants from grade 10 revealed that KKP contributed to their development of responsibility, compassion, motivation, collaboration, and reflection. The findings add to the limited body of literature on KKP as a service-learning strategy in the Philippine basic education and highlight an emerging strategy for nurturing compassionate, socially responsible learners prepared to make a difference.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mikko Niño Rufin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Children’s Gaze on Benedictine Monks: Insights from San Beda University Students
The primary purpose of this descriptive qualitative design study is to understand how Bedan pupils perceive Benedictine life and its influence on their faith formation. This study gathered insights from fifty (50) pupils (Grades 4-6) at San Beda University - IBED using an open-ended questionnaire, with data processed through thematic analysis. Findings indicated that pupils mostly view Benedictine monks as "prayerful," "disciplined," and "faithful," often using terms like “holy” and “devoted.” While pupils recognized the sacrifice and conversion required, they also expressed curiosity about the monks' daily routines and vocational discernment. Based on these findings, the study recommends enhancing the Benedictine Spirituality curriculum, increasing the visibility of monks on campus, expanding the range of respondents, and organizing experiential activities, such as abbey tours and vocational talks. These insights may guide classroom strategies and resources to enhance pupils’ understanding of Benedictine spirituality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Romnick David (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Faith-Based Organizations as New Frontiers of Religious Education: Program Initiatives and Engagements Strategies
Faith-based organizations have emerged as significant actors in promoting active engagement in pressing social issues within Asia, particularly in the Philippines, encompassing interfaith dialogue, human rights, and ecological concerns. Despite the increasing global recognition of this 20th-century phenomenon, their specific roles within diverse contexts remain underexplored. This study posits that as FBOs address societal challenges, they inherently contribute to shaping the faith and convictions of their stakeholders, a process closely aligned with religious education typically conducted in formal educational settings. Through parallel case studies of SILSILAH, Rise Up, and the PMPI, this research aims to demonstrate that FBOs are evolving into innovative and vital spaces for religious education, transcending traditional methods and institutions. Employing a qualitative research methodology, the study utilizes content analysis of the organizations’ Facebook pages to glean relevant data shared with members and the public. The findings suggest that the FBOs under study demonstrate significant potential of FBOs as bridging institutions that enhance and extend RE beyond traditional boundaries. Furthermore, the three FBOs demonstrate the capacity to merge faith-based values with social action, converting principles of peace, justice, and stewardship into tangible projects and initiatives that tackle societal problems. The analysis indicates that when RE is situated within the operational frameworks of FBOs, it transitions from traditional didactic methods to a more comprehensive and relational approach to faith formation. RE can enrich the evangelical mission of FBOs, and vice versa, infusing faith with vitality and inspiring action within individuals and communities.
Philippine Misereor Partnership Incorporated
Copyright (c) 2025 Ronaldo Celestial (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Level of Awareness of Youth on Sacramentals and its Implication
This study aimed to assess the awareness of Senior High School (SHS) students on sacramentals at San Sebastian College-Recoletos de Cavite. The research included 204 students in Grades 11 and 12 who were enrolled in the Christian Life Formation subject for the Academic Year 2021–2022. This addresses the declining religiosity among youth by evaluating their understanding of sacramentals. The study employed a descriptive quantitative survey design, utilizing stratified purposive sampling and statistical tools such as the t-test and F-test to examine significant differences in students' awareness of sacramentals and their demographic profiles. Most respondents are young students, with a higher number of females than males and an equal distribution across Grades 11 and 12. Many participants attended Catholic schools and reported being fully aware of sacramentals, although most were not affiliated with any religious organization. While students demonstrated strong awareness overall, with the highest levels being for holy water, the Sign of the Cross, and prayer before and after meals, lower awareness was noted for scapulars, images and icons, and medals. No significant differences were found in awareness levels across demographic profiles. The findings have implications for the Christian Life Formation subject, which plays a vital role in nurturing students’ Catholic identity and understanding of sacramentals. This study may serve as a reference for future research involving larger samples from public and non-sectarian schools. Providing CLF teachers with training focused on spirituality and sacramentals, along with implementing the proposed Sacramentals Module, could further enhance respondents' awareness of sacramentals.
Holistic Education: Implementing St. Josemaria’s Philosophy of Education in the Philippines
This paper recommends and applies the Philosophy of Education of St. Josemaria Escriva as an enhancing addition for basic education in the Philippines in line with the current reforms of DepEd MATATAG and the K-12 reform. The proposal is not a replacement for the current system but aims to address key implementation gaps in moral formation, teacher readiness, and parent-school collaboration. Integral to St. Josemaria Escriva’s Philosophy are the principles of Formation, Freedom, and Families, which coalesce into an advocacy for holistic student development, which is not just concerned with academic development but includes moral formation as well. Using philosophical analysis and critical evaluation, this paper argues for a new emphasis on parent-teacher collaboration, recognition of parents as primary educators, and comprehensive teacher formation to bridge the gap between theoretical and practical applications of reforms. Moreover, this paper recommends integrating moral formation across all subjects and not just in Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao (ESP) to enhance the effectiveness of values education. Finally, this paper concludes with the transformative potential of St. Josemaria Escriva’s Philosophy of Education in promoting a morally and spiritually enriched educational system that can potentially address challenges faced in Filipino society.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cyrill Paolo Silva (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Attitudes towards Religion among Gen Y and Gen Z: Implications to Religious Education
Generational studies have emerged as a field of research examining traits distinct to each generation, particularly among Millennials (Gen Y) and Centennials (Gen Z). In terms of attitudes and perceptions, Gen Y and Gen Z differ in varied degrees. Will there also be divergences in attitudes towards religion between the two generations? The study investigated the intricacies between Gen Y and Gen Z, specifically, their perceptions and attitudes towards religion and religiosity. The research employed a descriptive quantitative research method utilizing 200 respondents (100= Gen Y, and 100= Gen Z) from a Catholic university in Pampanga using purposive sampling technique. Data were gathered through the Filipino Students’ Attitudes Towards Religion [FSAR] Scale (Baring et al., 2018) and subjected to statistical treatment using mean percentages, standard deviation, and t-tests to determine disparities in their attitudes and perceptions. The results revealed no significant difference (P value= 0.73) in the overall mean responses between Gen Y and Gen Z informants regarding their attitudes towards religion. Despite being characterized as less religious, Filipino Gen Z, unlike their Western counterparts, still exhibit positive attitudes towards religion and religiosity. However, a high computed standard deviation (SD) of 1.13 for item 2: "A spiritual person is one who loves religion" indicated dispersed responses among Gen Z, showing a misperception between the terms 'religious' and 'spiritual.' With the increasing incidence of indifference towards religion among late Gen Z and the advent of the highly digitized Alpha generation, what significant challenges do religious educators face in addressing this concern?
Copyright (c) 2025 Bonnadelbert Antonio (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Walking Together: Participation of Persons with Vulnerabilities in the Synodal Process of the Catholic Church in Vietnam
“Synodal Church” has become a keyword in the Church’s gatherings and celebrations, global as well as local, since 2021 when the late Pope Francis launched his vision of XVI Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops. Living out the spirit of communion – participation – mission together with the Universal Church, the People of God in Vietnam embarked on a journey of listening and discernment between the pastors and the faithful. The Church in Vietnam is making a great effort to extend to the margins and become more inclusive. She invites, encourages and facilitates the participation of all members. This paper presents a critical reflection on how the local Church believes and appreciates the engagement of persons with vulnerabilities: the poor, people with contagious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, orphaned children and people with disabilities, in the life of the Church in Vietnam. In numerous forms and to various extents, these groups of people actively participate in their local parishes around Vietnam. Many of such experiences have been recorded by Diocesan Caritas Organizations and published on their websites. To provide a snapshot, this paper limits itself to reviewing only some examples in Vietnamese published literature and Caritas websites of different dioceses in Vietnam. It provides insights and personal reflections of some participants about the meaning of their contributions in the Church’s activities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ngoc Van Anh Nguyen, Thi Bich Thuy Pham (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Study on the Interplay Between Social Media Attitudes and Spirituality in Higher Education
Social media has become a significant part of modern life, prompting concerns about its effects on young people's psychological and spiritual well-being. This study examined the relationship between college students’ attitudes toward social media and their level of spirituality within the framework of theology and student formation. Using a quantitative, descriptive-correlational design, data were collected from 372 students across various departments of a Catholic university in Pampanga, selected through stratified random sampling. Two standardized instruments were utilized: the Social Media Attitude Scale (Otrar & Argin, 2013) and the Spirituality Questionnaire (Hardt et al., 2011). Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and Spearman’s rank-order correlation due to non-normal distribution. Results revealed a statistically significant but modest relationship between social media attitudes and spirituality, indicating that while social media may influence aspects such as mindfulness or the search for meaning, it is not a primary determinant of spiritual life. The findings highlight the complex, multifaceted nature of spirituality, shaped more by personal, cultural, and relational factors than digital behavior.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jonald De Leon (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Connecting the Dots: Understanding Volunteer Motivations through the Lens of John Paul II’s Message
This study explores the motivations driving individuals to engage in volunteer activities, inspired by John Paul II’s message for the UN Year of Volunteer Work (2001). Using structured and open-ended questionnaires, the research examines respondents’ reasons for volunteering across six themes: Compassion and Empathy, Sense of Duty, Positive Impact and Fulfillment, Personal Growth and Awareness, Interconnectedness, and Spirituality and Faith. Thematic analysis (Aronson) categorizes responses, revealing that Altruistic Purpose and Collective Well-being are the primary motivators. Participants express a strong desire to positively impact others’ lives and contribute to societal good. Satisfaction with volunteering is assessed through Satisfaction Rate Calculations (SmartSurvey™, 2021), which yield a high overall Satisfaction Rate of 85.33%, reflecting the rewarding nature of such activities. By linking motivations to actions, the study provides valuable insights for fostering sustained volunteer engagement. These findings can guide organizations in creating effective programs that inspire long-term commitment to volunteer work, ensuring that volunteerism continues to thrive as a powerful force for societal benefit.
Copyright (c) 2024 Antonio Levy Ingles Jr (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Senior High School Students’ Perceptions on Teacher Accompaniment in the Post-Pandemic: Philippine Setting
The post-pandemic era has introduced challenges and opportunities that influence the dynamics of the student-teacher relationship. Using the phenomenological approach, this paper aims to examine 1,449 Grade 11 and Grade 12 students of DLSU-SHS on their perceptions of their teachers’ accompaniment from the subject Christian Living and Values Education Area (CLVE) in the post-pandemic situation. Following the scholarly consensus on how teacher support is essential for student outcomes, the researchers explore the Teacher Accompaniment Scale (TAS), a tool developed by Baring et al. (2020) to measure the quality of support in terms of four dimensions: emotional, informational, instrumental, and appraisal. TAS is a novel approach to college education, particularly in the Philippines and Southeast Asia, where no equivalent assessment has been attempted. It is also of interest to researchers to apply the tool in a post-pandemic setting and further correlate the results to different tracks, namely, HUMSS, STEM, ADT, ABM, and SpT. The descriptive results generated by the Jamovi software presented a positive correlation across all strands/tracks. A further qualitative inquiry also had positive results about students’ teachers’ accompaniment experiences and ways of accompaniment. This study suggested possible interventions in the dimensions that need improvement.
Copyright (c) 2024 Teresa Camarines, Simon Peter Balanquit, Joenel Buencibillo, Mia Eballo, Elmgay Valeriano (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0